As Black History Month unfolds, we celebrate the pioneering Phillis Wheatley, a literary legend who overcame immense challenges to become the first African American to publish a book. Beyond being a poet, Wheatley utilized her craft to confront the oppressive system that enslaved her, establishing herself as one of history’s most extraordinary voices for justice and equality.
Born in The Gambia, Africa, around 1753, Phillis Wheatley was kidnapped and sold into slavery as a child, eventually arriving in Boston in 1761. Purchased by the wealthy Wheatley family, she defied expectations by mastering English within two years—a feat unheard of for an enslaved person at the time. Recognizing her brilliance, the Wheatleys gave her an education, allowing her to study Latin, Greek, and classic literature.
Her gift for poetry flourished, and in 1773, she became the first African American to publish a book: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. This literary achievement was groundbreaking—an enslaved woman not only writing but also being recognized by some of the most influential figures of the time, including George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and even Voltaire.
Phillis Wheatley didn’t just write for art’s sake—her poetry was a powerful critique of the institution of slavery. Her work masterfully wove Christian themes with calls for equality, subtly exposing the hypocrisy of a society that championed liberty while keeping millions in bondage.
In her poem On Being Brought from Africa to America, she challenged the racist beliefs of her era, reminding readers that Black people were equally capable of salvation and intellect:
“Some view our sable race with scornful eye,
‘Their color is a diabolic die.’
Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,
May be refin’d, and join th’ angelic train.”
While she carefully navigated the constraints placed upon her as an enslaved woman, her words carried an undeniable weight, forcing colonial America to confront its contradictions.
Wheatley’s success as a writer ultimately contributed to her gaining her freedom. On October 18, 1775, merely two years after the release of her book, she was freed. However, being a free Black woman in America was far from simple. She encountered financial hardships and faced discrimination despite her accomplishments.
Yet, her legacy endures. Phillis Wheatley paved the way for future generations of Black writers, proving that intellect and artistry could not be silenced by oppression.
Today, Phillis Wheatley represents resilience, intelligence, and the strength of language. Her poetry serves as a reminder of the hardships and victories of marginalized groups, ensuring that her voice—one that once resonated throughout colonial America—continues to resonate in history.
As we honor Black History Month, we recognize Phillis Wheatley not only as a poet but also as a revolutionary figure who boldly spoke out against injustice during a time when efforts were made to silence her.